Kara Hurst, chief sustainability officer at Amazon, introduces TRISO-X Pebbles, next-generation nuclear fuel developed for small modular reactors, during Amazon’s “Delivering the Future” presentation at DUR3 Delivery Station in Milpitas, California on October 22, 2025. (Photo by Laure Andrillon / AFP) (Photo by LAURE ANDRILLON/AFP via Getty Images)
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After decades of stagnation, nuclear energy is staging a comeback — and it’s no longer the gigawatt-scale reactors of the past leading the charge. Small modular reactors, once dismissed as niche or speculative, have moved to the center of a global energy and geopolitical pivot. Their appeal lies in scalability, siting flexibility, and the promise of dedicated, carbon-free baseload power—a vital ingredient in an era defined by the AI energy demand surge and industrial decarbonization.
The shift from ambitious blueprints to billion-dollar commercial projects is officially underway, driven by key industry announcements throughout 2025. Some of the leading stakeholders include NuScale, Amazon, and Terrestrial Energy.
NuScale Power: From De-Risking To Gigawatt-Scale Deployment
NuScale Power has cemented its role as the bellwether of the SMR movement, but its commercial success will depend on disciplined financing. In early September 2025, the company announced a landmark collaboration with the Tennessee Valley Authority and ENTRA1 Energy to deploy up to 6 gigawatts of its SMR technology within the TVA service region — the largest SMR commitment in U.S. history.
The structure of this deal is as important as its scale. Rather than placing the full “first-of-a-kind” financial and regulatory burden on TVA, ENTRA1 will reportedly finance, own, and operate the facilities, selling power back to TVA through a long-term Power Purchase Agreement. This off-balance-sheet approach could prove pivotal, unlocking institutional investment and moving SMRs from demonstration projects into a bankable, utility-scale asset class.
Terrestrial Energy: Molten Salt Power For The Industrial Heat Market
The SMR race isn’t just about generating electricity—it’s also about providing industrial heat, a sector that accounts for about 20% of global energy demand, according to the Clean Energy Forum, yet remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Terrestrial Energy is pursuing that opportunity with its Integral Molten Salt Reactor, a Generation IV design that uses molten salt as both coolant and fuel. Its high operating temperatures make it well-suited for producing clean hydrogen, synthetic fuels, and other industrial feedstocks.
In October 2025, Terrestrial Energy completed its SPAC merger with HCM II Acquisition Corp., raising approximately $293 million in total proceeds. The company will trade publicly under the ticker IMSR.
Unlike most advanced reactor developers pursuing international strategies, Terrestrial Energy is focusing exclusively on the U.S. market, beginning with its first commercial project planned for the Texas A&M RELLIS Campus. The capital raised through the transaction will fund the company’s U.S. licensing and construction efforts, advancing its goal of bringing industrial-scale, high-temperature nuclear heat to market by the early 2030s.
If successful, Terrestrial’s molten-salt design could complement light-water SMRs by addressing hard-to-electrify sectors—providing the kind of round-the-clock, zero-carbon thermal energy that factories, refineries, and chemical plants require.
Amazon’s Nuclear Bet: The Hyperscaler Strategy
The AI-driven power crunch has turned some of the world’s largest corporations into energy developers. In October, Amazon unveiled plans for the Cascade Advanced Energy Facility near Richland, Washington, in partnership with Energy Northwest. The site will deploy X-energy’s Xe-100 SMRs—high-temperature, gas-cooled reactors — beginning with 320 MW and scaling to as much as 960 MW.
By effectively building its own baseload generation, Amazon is signaling a new model for corporate energy resilience. SMRs’ modular design allows them to be sited close to data centers and scaled in 80 MW increments, aligning perfectly with the high-density, high-uptime demands of hyperscale computing. Tech giants are no longer waiting for grid upgrades—they’re building the grid themselves.
Global Nuclear Energy Policy And The Strategic Fuel Cycle
Momentum is building worldwide as governments recognize SMRs as tools of energy security and industrial competitiveness.
Canada’s uranium advantage: Saskatchewan’s new provincial strategy leverages its vast uranium reserves to anchor SMR deployment, backing GE Hitachi’s BWRX-300 and exploring larger designs.European expansion: The Netherlands confirmed plans to extend the life of its Borssele reactor beyond 2033 and to build two new large-scale reactors. To do so, it created NEO NL, a state-owned nuclear operator and financing vehicle, while earmarking €20 million for domestic SMR research and development.Closing the fuel loop: In October 2025, France’s newcleo and U.S.-based Oklo announced a $2 billion joint venture to develop advanced fuel fabrication capacity in the U.S., with Sweden’s Blykalla exploring co-investment. The partnership aims to produce the metallic and mixed-oxide fuels required for Generation IV reactors, reducing dependence on Russian enrichment and creating the foundation for a closed, Western-controlled nuclear fuel cycle.
Execution Risk and the Road Ahead
If the 2010s were about promising nuclear innovation, the 2020s are about delivering it. Yet this is where the SMR revolution faces its greatest challenge.
Even with multiple designs now licensed, the jump from prototype to production carries enormous execution risk. The most immediate concern is cost control. The lessons from Georgia’s Vogtle expansion — the first new U.S. nuclear plant in decades — are still fresh: small deviations in design or supply chain logistics can cause multi-year delays and multibillion-dollar overruns. SMRs promise to avoid this through standardization and factory manufacturing, but that proof point remains ahead.
Supply chain maturity is another limiting factor. The precision components, pressure vessels, and advanced fuels needed for nuclear construction can’t be produced overnight. After decades of industry contraction, much of the qualified manufacturing base will need to be rebuilt. U.S. developers are already competing for limited capacity in critical materials and fabrication.
The regulatory environment also presents a bottleneck. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has modernized some processes, but site licensing and environmental reviews can still drag on for years. Globally, the lack of harmonized licensing standards remains a barrier to scaling SMR exports across markets.
Finally, financing structure may determine who succeeds. The emergence of “nuclear-as-a-service” models—like ENTRA1’s—is a promising shift, transferring early-stage risk away from utilities. But investor confidence depends on steady policy support and demonstrated project execution.
The Bottom Line For Nuclear Energy Stakeholders
The nuclear industry operates under intense scrutiny. If early SMR projects stumble, momentum could fade quickly. But if they deliver on time and on budget, the world could finally see nuclear power reborn as a scalable, clean, and commercially competitive energy source.
The SMR sector has crossed a critical threshold. The question is shifting from whether small modular reactors will play a role in the global energy mix to how quickly they can be built, and who will lead.
The coming decade will determine whether SMRs fulfill their promise as a flexible, financeable bridge between clean energy ambition and industrial reality.
